Thinking and intelligence



      

 Thinking

-          Refers to attending to information and representing it mentally. For example making sense of and change the world.





































                  Mental images
-          Can be defined as pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environment input. For example, day dreaming and the mental visualization that occurs while reading a book.

         Concept
-          A mental grouping of similar things, events and people that is used to remember and understand what things are, what they mean and what categories or groups they belong to. For example, if I say to you, “think of a car” the concept car will evoke some ideas in your head about what a car is and what types of characteristics it contains.


  Problem solving
-          Using thoughts and actions to move from the current state to the goal state, in other words achieving a desired goal that is not readily attainable often by devising strategies to overcome obstacles.
-          Three types of problem solving:
1.       Trial and error
-          Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved. For example, restarting phone, turning off WIFI, turning off Bluetooth in order to determine why your phone is malfunctioning.
2.       Algorithm
-          Step-by-step problem solving formula. For example, instruction manual for installing new software on your computer.
3.       Heuristic
-          General problem ssolving framework. For example, breaking a task into steps.

Factors that affect problem solving
·         Expertise
·         Insight
·         Mental sets
·         Incubation
·         Functional fixedness


 Intelligence
The ability to benefit from past experience, act purposefully, solve problems and adapt to new situations.





Spearman’s theory of intelligence
·         G factor  - the ability to reasons and solve problems, or general intelligence. For example, a person who does well on a verbal test would probably alsodo well on other tests.
·         S-factor – the ability to excel in certain areas or specific intelligence



Gardner’s multiple intelligence
-          Gardner proposed that people vary in their profile of 8 distinct forms of intelligence.


Triarchic theory of intelligence
-          Robert Sternberg proposed that distinguished among three aspects of intelligence.
·         Componential intelligence (analytic)
-          The ability assessed by intelligence test. For example, comparing, analysing and evaluating an information.
·         Experiential intelligence (creative)
-          The ability to adapt to new situations and produce new ideas. For example, inventing solution to new problems and transfer the skills on have on a new situation.
·         Contextual intelligence (practical)
-          The ability to function effectively in daily situations. For example, dealing with everyday tasks relating to world.

Emotional intelligence
-          The ability to identify and manage your own emotions and emotions of others.




Videos for further references:
                     
                                 

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