MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviour. Motivation is drive of our action. Motivation is divided into two which is intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

· Extrinsic motivation is defined as the things that arise from outside of the individual and often involve reward such as trophies, money, social recognitions, or praise.

For example, a student attends guitar classes because his parents promise to double his allowance money.

· Intrinsic motivation is as the thing that arise from within the individual, such as doing a complicated crossword puzzle purely for the personal gratification of solving a problem.

For example, Sherlock Holmes famous fiction detective never solved cases for many or fame curiosity always got the best of him and he solved them because he wanted to, he needed to for self-satisfaction of knowing.

Instinct approach to motivation

- Instinct theory of motivation states that all activities, thoughts, and desires can be drawn from being caused by nature, our biological make-up. Individuals have a programmed disposition at birth and genes are identified to motivate people.

Examples:

a) When a new born infant’s check or lips is touched, it will turn its head toward it and making sucking motion with the mouth. This is known as rooting reflex, which assists in successful breastfeeding

2 b) The tendency of a dog to shake his body when it gets wet.

c) Birds migrating south before winter.

^·Drive

^·An aroused state of psychological tension that typically arises from a need. A drive such as hunger, motivates the organism to act in ways that will reduce the tension. For example, when you become hungry the tension caused by need for food motivates you to eat which is a method of reducing the tension.

· Drive reduction theory of motivation

· Assumes that behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.

· Drive reduction theory if motivation is divided into three which are:

1) Primary drive

· A drive that involves needs of the body.

2) Secondary drive

· A drive that is learned through experience or conditioning.

3) Homeostasis

· The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. For example, a person has woken up from a nap and has eaten a meal he reaches a certain point where he is relaxed and is in a state where he does not feel the urge to fulfil other basic needs. However, if a person wake up at 5am, works out and has not eaten any food he would probably feel the need to fulfil certain physical needs, such as that of food. Due to the necessity to fulfil one is physiological needs the person acts upon this need is a bid to achieve homeostasis once again.

Three types of needs

· Need for achievement (n-ach)

· need to achieve something. People have the need to prove something and seek recognition.

· Need for affiliation (n-affil)-

· Need to belong to somewhere people have a need to be part of something or some social group and want to develop relationships and desire a friendship.

· Need for power (n-pow)

· Need for power, these people have a need to dominate, influence others and have power over them.

· For example, someone who always takes charge of the team when a project is assigned. The one who speaks up in meetings to encourage people and delegates responsibilities in order to facilitate achieving the goals of the group. Someone who likes to control the final deliverables. This member is likely being driven by power. Another team member who does not speak during meetings and is happy team thoughts, is good of managing conflicts and may seem uncomfortable while someone talks about undertaking high risk, high-reward task. This team member is likely being driven by affilation.

Arousal approach to motivation

· Stimulus motives

· Motives that cause humans and other animals to increase stimulation when the level of arousal is too low. For example, when people are sitting and waiting for something, they usually do something with their hands such as play games on their phones, listen to music, text, etc.

· Arousal theory

· States that we seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal. People with high optimum levels of arousal will be drawn to high excitement behaviors, like bungee jumping. While the rest of us are satisfied with less exciting and less risky activities.

For example, we go to night out with friends at night club where we can get our arousal elevated again when we are down. But arousal levels don’t always drop and there is a good chance that energy levels are too elevated. In those cases when you’re too pumped up, taking a nap or going far for a relaxing walk might help you soothe your arousal level again.

· Yerkes-Dodson law

· Is an empirical relationship between arousal and performance. For example the

Anxiety you face during exam. If your anxiety level is at an optimum balance, then you’ll find yourself performing better by remembering right answers to the question. However, if you’re over anxious, you’ll instead fell nervousness and test anxiety, which would than hamper your ability remember the information you specifically learned for the test.

Incentive theory of motivation

· Incentives theory, unlike other theories like Drive Reduction Theory, Arousal Theory and Instinct Theory of Motivation, suggest that our actions are influenced by outside incentives. It is different as the individual does not desire to reduce the stimulus, but instead becomes attracted to it.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Self-Determination theory of motivation

· Self-Determination theory (SDT) concerns with human motivation, personality, and optimal functioning. Rather than just the amount of motivation, self-determination theory focuses on different types of motivation.

· Self-determination theory divides needs into three which are:

1) Competence

- Means the desire to control and master the environment and outcome. We want to know how things will turn out and what the results are of our actions.

2) Relatedness

- Deals with the desire to “interact with, be connected to, and experience caring for other people. Our actions and daily activities involve other people and through this, we seek the feeling of belongingness.

3) Autonomy

- Concerns with the urge to be casual agents and to act in harmony with our integrated self.

Hunger: Bodily Causes

· Cannon

- Believe that the stomach contractions caused hunger and that the presence of food in the stomach would stop the contractions and appease the hunger drive.

· Glucagons

- Hormones that are secreted by the pancreas

- Increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream

· Insulin

- A hormone secreted by the pancreas

- Reduces the level of glucose in the bloodstream

· Weight set point

- The particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain

· Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)

- The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

Hunger : social cause

· Social cues for when meals are to be eaten which is influenced by cultural customs and food preferences.

Eating problems

· Describes illnesses that are characterized by irregular eating habits and severe distress or concern about body weight or shape.

· Types of eating problems:

1) Anorexia nervosa

- Is characterized by persistent restriction on food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, and a distortion of body weight or shape.

2) Bulimia nervosa

- Is characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of foods and feeling a lack of control over the eating.

3) Obesity

- A condition in which the body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person’s height.

Emotion

· The “feeling” aspect of consciousness characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.

Common sense theory of emotion

· A stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal.

James-Lange theory of emotion

· Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labelling of an emotion.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

· Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time.

Cognitive arousal theory

· Theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labelling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced.

Facial feedback hypothesis

· Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expression provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.